The history of the Textile industry,Mogadishu women weaver photo,

The history of the Textile industry is the story of the movement from handcraft production of cloth in every country, to the industrial revolution in Britain, driven by cotton and wool yarn and cloth factories, which then spread to Europe, America, Japan and other countries.

Handcraft era

The use of cotton textiles came to the West via the Middle East during the Middle Ages, when Muslims brought cotton cultivation from India. The earliest fabric in Europe to include cotton fibers was fustian, a combination cotton and linen used to make garments and bedding. Demand for Indian cotton textiles, especially the 100% cotton fabric known as calico, increased in the 16th century. European textile makers attempted to capitalize on this trend by making substitutions and having the Indian textiles banned.

For centuries the spinning of yarn and the weaving of cloth had remained a manual operation. In England, for example, women and children, working at home, combed cotton with wire brushes and spun it by hand; the father then wove the cotton on a hand loom. Output was expensive and consumed locally. Most of Britain's cloth was home-made from wool in the West Country, Yorkshire and Lancashire. 1702 a critical turning point occurred when Thomas Cotchett and George Sorocold built a silk mill powered by a waterwheel at Derby. Their mill was probably Britain's first factory, for it was a single establishment with complex machinery, a source of power and accommodation for workers.

Questions about handlooms in INDIA,around the world,

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Spread rural industry, chance incidence of service in husbandry – rise nuptiality second half 18th century and beginning of the 19th century.

Did population grow in response to demands of an expanding economy?

Wrigley and Schofield: fertility dominant influence on population growth rates in 18th century England – nuptiality changes accounted almost entirely for the great increase in fertility.

Did nuptiality raise with demand for labour?

Rise demand for labour affects nuptiality two ways:: rise in real wages or shift from agric. Occupations which encouraged late marriages to industrial occupations such as handloom weaving favour early ones.

Real wages increase – more savings-feeling to get married – ignores IR as based on agric – late 18th century British popn. Rose but real wages declined – Wrigley Schofield think time lag.decline relative size agricultural labour force or decline farm size?

Real wages used + and ANG (seasonality of marriage influenced nuptiality through incidence of farm service) also remained constant at average level for whole period – model predict smaller rise after 1780

Rise in nuptiality after 1780 associated with decline in degree of marriage seasonality – which in turn suggests a decline in relative size of agricultural labour force – spread rural industry 1780 (rise imported cotton)

Rise in nuptiality in 2nd half of 18th and first quarter of the 19th century complex phenomenon caused sudden boom rural industrialization (affects economic feasibility of marriage) decline in farm service, affects desirability of marriages or availability short term alternatives to marriage

Nuptiality declines after 1820 – no decline before 1830s if real wages had not increases and crude mortality rate dropped.

Shift to non-agricultural occupations inc. rural industry in 2nd half 17th century appears to have enabled more people to get married – not necessarily at a younger age – after 1780s = spread of industry tended to encourage earlier marriage rather than more marriages.

Rise late 18th early 19th century associated with unprecedented demand for rural manufactured caused by 1st Industrial revolution – IR alone may not account for 18th century rise – decline incid3ence service husbandry may have been an additional reason.

Kussmaul’s measure proxy for size agricultural labour force NOT relative rural-industrial labour force – turning point is 1780s – recruitment handloom weavers and other rural-industrial workers may have been behind the decline in agric. Labour force after 1780.

Model explains decline nuptiality between 1820 and 1830 rise in real wages and decline mortality – continued decline post 1830 may be surge incidence of domestic service – could domestic service have recovered some of the ground lost by farm service? By mid 19th century domestic service important determinant of nuptiality.

Rise fertility 2nd half 18th century associated with IR

Classic demographic theory sees dev. Urban industrial society to be precondition for fertility decline – results here show IR caused fertility to increase

Textile industry demand for handloom weavers new spinning machines stimulated spread rural industry – influencing feasibility of marriage through lower set-up costs

Rural industry also spread on continent in 18th century not in response to I

• age of marriage on continent not responsive growth rural industry – no evidence spread rural industry 17th century responsible for early marriages

Swing toward early marriage in England after 1780 related to rural industry spread NOT before

Huge demand for handloom weavers and framework knitters created by IR in England explain different experience – couples northern England cash in on increased wages provided by rural manufacturing – causing age at first marriage to drop

Influence of rural industry on age at first marriage in England after 1780 was due primarily to improved prospects after marriage – not to low set-up costs.

All India Khadi & Village Industries Board ,Queen with Spindle

IN Nagpur session (1920) that the Indian National Congress decided to encourage "Khadi". The first Khadi Production Centre was established at Katiawad, Gujarat, Mahatma Gandhi used to refer to Khadi as "The delilivery of freedom".

In fact, Khadi was introduced in 1920 as a political weapon and as the best instrument for giving concrete expression to the Swadeshi Spirit to boycott foreign goods. Khadi rendered an opportunity to every man, woman and child to cultivate self-discipline and self-sacrifice as a part of the non-cooperation movement.

Development of All India Board under the Indian National Congress by Gandhiji.

1923 Given below is a chronology of events that contributed to the development of Khadi in India over time in 1923

1925 Setting up of All India Spinners Association (AISA) / Akhil Bharat Charkha Sangh,

1935 All India Village Industries Association (AIVIA) was formed.

1946 Govt. of Madras sought the advice of Gandhiji and set up a Department for Khadi.

1948 Govt. of India recognized the role of Rural Cottage Industries in the Industrial Policy Resolution, 1948. Constituent Assembly included Cottage Industries in Rural Areas among the directive Principles of the Constitution in Article 43.

These ideas were elaborated in the First five-year Plan, which laid down the Policy framework for setting up of a body for Khadi and Village Industries. Central Govt. also recommended for setting up of a Board.

1953 In accordance with these recommendations, Govt. of India set up All India Khadi & Village Industries Board in January, 1953. (AIKVIB)

1955 It was decided that a statutory body should replace the Board.

1956 Khadi and Village Industries Commission Act 1956 was passed.

1957 Khadi and Village Industries Commission came into being.

The post independence period saw the Government of India and the planning commission assuring the responsibility of fitting Khadi and Village Industries within the framework of five-year plans

Here are photos pf some interesting banknotes issued by the THE VILLAGE AND GRAMAUDYOG commision or other name with a variatin






The theme of weaving in mythology is ancient, and its lost mythic lore probably accompanied the early spread of this art. Westward of Central Asia and the Iranian plateau, weaving is a mystery within woman's sphere, and where men have become the primary weavers in this part of the world, it is possible that they have usurped the archaic role.

Weaving begins with spinning. Until the spinning wheel was invented in the 14th century, all spinning was done with distaff and spindle. In English the "distaff side" indicates relatives through one's mother, and thereby denotes a woman's role in the household economy
Egypt

In pre-Dynastic Egypt, was already the goddess of weaving (and a mighty aid in war as well). She protected the Red Crown of Lower Egypt before the two kingdoms were merged, and in Dynastic times she was known as the most ancient one, to whom the other gods went for wisdom. Nit is identifiable by her emblems and most often it is the loom's shuttle, with its two recognizable hooks at each end, upon her head. According to The Gods of the Egyptians the root of the word for weaving and also for being are the same
Many of the world's people understand that the world is woven and that a weaving Creator wove its designs into being

Ancient Romans regarded the processes of spinning and weaving with superstitious awe. In many parts of the Roman empire, laws banned women from holding a spindle in public: should anyone lay eyes on such a woman, it could mean exceptionally bad luck, perhaps even the failure of the harvest.

The concept of weaving actually relates to mythology much more than simply appearing in myths, the English word text is derived from the Latin word for weaving, texare, explaining the source of terms like "weaving a story".

In Baltic myth, She is the life-affirming sun goddess, whose numinous presence is signed by a wheel or a rosette. She spins the sunbeams. The Baltic connection between the sun and spinning is as old as spindles of the sun-stone, amber, that have been uncovered in burial mounds. Baltic legends as told have absorbed many images from Christianity and Greek myth that are not easy to disentangle.

In China, the weaving goddess floated down on a shaft of moonlight with her two attendants, showed to the upright court official in his garden that a goddess's robe is seamless for it is woven without the use of needle and thread, entirely on the loom. The phrase "a goddess's robe is seamless" passed into an idiom to express perfect workmanship. This idiom is also used to mean a perfect thing.

A royal portrait employing strong mythic overtones: born a German princess, adopts the national costume , with distaff and spindle.
ROYAL QUEENS"S costume with distaff and spindle.